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Black Legend SpainвЂ™s reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors Calvinism a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestination Columbian Exchange the movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exploration of the Americas commodification the transformation of something-for example, an item of ritual significance-into a commodity with monetary value encomienda legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown Hispaniola the island in the Caribbean, present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus landed on his first voyage to the Americas and established a Spanish colony indulgences documents for purchase that absolved sinners of their errant behavior joint stock company a business entity in which investors provide the capital and assume the risk in order to reap significant returns mercantilism the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade mourning wars raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases Pilgrims Separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English settlement in New England privateers sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will probanza de mГ©rito proof of merit: a letter written by a Spanish explorer to the crown to gain royal patronage Protestant Reformation the schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century Puritans a group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to вЂњpurifyвЂќ the Church of England by ridding it of practices associated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship Roanoke the first English colony in Virginia, which mysteriously disappeared sometime between 15 Separatists a faction of Puritans who advocated complete separation from the Church of England smallpox a disease that Europeans accidentally brought to the New World, killing millions of Native Americans, who had no immunity to the disease sugarcane one of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate

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